Faced with increasingly inhospitable growing conditions, the Chilean wine industry is moving south and experimenting with new vines.
Deep in Chile's rain-soaked forest of La Unión, 490 miles south of Santiago and accessible only by four-by-four vehicles, is a rather unusual vineyard. Vina Trapi produces Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Noir and Riesling from vines planted in the muddy hills. The region sees an average of 1.33 metres of rainfall a year, compared with just 37 centimetres in the Valparaiso region, where most Chilean vineyards are located.
Experimentation
Owners Luis Moller and Rodrigo Romero decided to experiment with wine production in La Unión in 2010, after discovering a variety of wild vines that grew "fabulously" in the forest next to the Rio Bueno. The vines are believed to have been planted by the Spanish sometime around the eighteenth century.
The experiment has grown into an 18-hectare boutique vineyard that now supplies the large wineries of central Chile with wild grapes. None of it would have been possible without the region’s extreme weather conditions.
"Climate change is so evident," said Moller, when asked why he chose to grow in such an unusual location. "Now everyone in the wine industry is looking towards this frontier."
Trapi produced 5,000 bottles of wine from 28,000 kilos of grapes this year. The cheapest, a Chardonnay, costs $20 a bottle, and the most expensive, a Pinot Noir, costs about $23. It is so exclusive that it is sold only in three specialised wine stores and three restaurants in Santiago.
High Temperatures
Chile saw record high temperatures this summer, triggering the worst wildfires in living memory. Forestry plantations, vineyards and native forests were all damaged.
“[This year, there was] a hot spring and an intensively hot summer,” said Francisco Meza, a professor of agriculture at the Universidad Católica in Santiago. The heat rushed crops through their growth cycles 10% faster than usual, he said.
The grape harvest was moved up by three weeks this year as a result of the scorching temperatures, and production dropped by more than 10%, when compared to the previous year's harvest, according to a report issued by Chile’s Agriculture Ministry in April.
Vina Trapi, however, was unaffected by the heat, thanks to the heavy rainfall, Moller said.
An increasing number of vineyards in the historical Colchagua, Casablanca and Leyda valleys have begun exploring moves south as well, said Christian Porte, owner of the Coteaux de Trumao vineyard, in the rainy Los Lagos region.
"Vineyards from central Chile are investing more and more in this area, escaping from climate change," Porte said. "There is a real opportunity to do great Pinot Noir here. It needs the acidity of the south."
Preparation
Though climate change is undeniable, it’s not happening rapidly enough to justify moving vineyards immediately, said Aurelio Montes, director of Montes Wines, yet the vineyard is preparing anyway.
Over the past ten years, Montes has implemented a technique known as dry farming, in which plants are trained to grow their roots towards the natural water or humidity from rainfall, instead of extracting water from wells. Ten per cent of Montes’s grapes are now grown with the technique.
Over seven years, Montes said, the vineyard has cut water consumption from four million litres per hectare to just 1.6 million litres.
The pace of climate change over the next two decades will force central Chilean wineries to make important decisions about the future of their businesses, said Professor Meza.
"An investment decision is tremendously important for wineries, which is why the majority prefers waiting for more evidence and certainty in terms of magnitude and reach before moving," he said.
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