An unprecedented heat wave and ongoing drought in the US Pacific Northwest is damaging white wheat coveted by Asian buyers and forcing fruit farm workers to harvest in the middle of the night to salvage crops and avoid deadly heat.
The extreme weather is another blow to farmers who have struggled with labour shortages and higher transportation costs during the pandemic and may further fuel global food inflation.
The challenges come amidst a year of extreme weather in many parts of the globe, with severe flooding in Germany and China, unseasonable rain followed by a hot spell in the wheat growing regions of Europe, and a cold spring in France that threatened many winemakers.
Soft White Wheat
The Pacific Northwest is the only part of the United States that grows soft white wheat used to make sponge cakes and noodles, and farmers were hoping to capitalise on high grain prices.
Other countries including Australia and Canada grow white wheat, but the US variety is especially prized by Asian buyers.
Cordell Kress, who farms in southeastern Idaho, expects his winter white wheat to produce about half as many bushels per acre as it does in a normal year when he begins to harvest next week, and he has already destroyed some of his withered canola and safflower oilseed crops.
"The general mood among farmers in my area is as dire as I've ever seen it," Kress said. "Something about a drought like this just wears on you. You see your blood, sweat and tears just slowly wither away and die."
US exports of white wheat in the marketing year that ended 31 May reached a 40-year high of 265 million bushels, driven by unprecedented demand from China.
But farmers may not have as much to sell this year.
"The Washington wheat crop is in pretty rough shape right now," said Clark Neely, a Washington State University agronomist.
Spring And Winter Wheat
The US Agriculture Department this week rated 68% of the state's spring wheat and 36% of its winter wheat in poor or very poor condition. A year ago, just 2% of the state's winter wheat and 6% of its spring wheat were rated poor to very poor.
On top of the expected yield losses, grain buyers worry about quality. Flour millers turn to Pacific Northwest soft white wheat for its low protein content, which is well-suited for pastries and crackers.
But the drought is shrivelling wheat kernels and raising protein levels, making the some of the crop less valuable. "The protein is so high that you can't use (it) for anything but cattle feed," Kress said.
Low-protein 'soft' wheats have lower gluten content than the 'hard' wheats used for bread, producing a less-stretchy dough for delicate cakes and crackers.
Too Early To Estimate Losses
The Washington State Agriculture Department said it was still too early to estimate lost revenue from crop damage.
The heat peaked in late June, in the thick of the harvest of cherries. Temperatures reached 118 degrees Fahrenheit (48 Celsius) on 28 June at The Dalles, Oregon, along the Washington border, near the heart of cherry country.
Scientists have said the suffocating heat that killed hundreds of people would have been 'virtually impossible' without climate change and such events could become more common.
The National Weather Service posted weekend heat advisories for eastern Washington.
Nighttime Cherry Harvest
On the hottest days last month, labourers who normally start picking cherries at 04:00 hours began at 1:00 hours, armed with headlamps and roving spotlights to beat the daytime heat that threatened their safety and made the fruit too soft to harvest.
The region should still produce a roughly average-sized cherry harvest, but not the bumper crop initially expected, said BJ Thurlby, president of the Northwest Cherry Growers, a grower-funded trade group representing top cherry producer Washington and other Western states.
"We think we probably lost about 20% of the crop," Thurlby said, adding that growers simply had to abandon a portion of the heat-damaged cherries in their orchards.
The heat wave's impact on Washington's $2 billion apple crop - the state's most valuable agricultural product - is uncertain, as harvest is at least six weeks away.
Apple growers are used to sleepless nights as they respond to springtime frosts, but have little experience with sustained heat in June.
"We really don't know what the effects are. We just have to ride it out," said Todd Fryhover, president of the Washington Apple Commission.
Sun Nets For Apples
Growers have been protecting their orchards with expansive nets that protect fruit against sunburn, and by spraying water vapour above the trees. Apples have stopped growing for the time being, Fryhover said, but it is possible the crop may make up for lost time if weather conditions normalise.
The state wine board in Oregon, known for its Pinot Noir, said the timing of the heat spike may have benefited grapes. Last year, late-summer wildfires and wind storms forced some West Coast vineyards to leave damaged grapes unharvested.
Washington's wine grapes also seem fine so far, one vineyard manager said.
"I think wine grapes are situated well to handle high heat in June," said Sadie Drury, general manager of North Slope Management.
News by Reuters, edited by ESM. For more Supply Chain news, click here. Click subscribe to sign up to ESM: European Supermarket Magazine.
