Canada and Mexico retaliated on Thursday after Washington imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports while the European Union had its own reprisals ready to go, reviving investor fears of a global trade war.
Germany's Economy Minister said early on Friday the EU might look to coordinate its response with Canada and Mexico.
The tariffs, announced by Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross, ended months of uncertainty about potential exemptions and suggested a hardening of the US approach to trade negotiations.
Financial Chill
The measures, touted by President Donald Trump in March, drew condemnation from Republican lawmakers and the country's main business lobbying group and sent a chill through financial markets.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average lost 1 percent and the S&P 500 shed 0.69%. Shares of industrial heavyweights Boeing and Caterpillar both fell, with Boeing down 1.7% and Caterpillar down 2.3%. European shares opened higher, however.
Tariffs of 25% on steel imports and 10% on aluminum were due to be imposed on the EU, Canada and Mexico from midnight (0400 GMT on Friday), Ross told reporters.
"We look forward to continued negotiations, both with Canada and Mexico on the one hand, and with the European Commission on the other hand, because there are other issues that we also need to get resolved," he said.
Teaming Up
Canada and Mexico, embroiled in talks with the United States to modernize the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), responded swiftly and German Economy Minister Peter Altmaier said the EU might team up with them.
"We want open markets, free markets but we have to convince the US administration," Altmaier told German television.
"We tried to do it through negotiation and we will now do it by standing together and formulating a common European answer, possibly working more closely with Mexico and Canada," he said, adding he hoped this would make Trump rethink.
Canadian Tariffs
Canada, the largest supplier of steel to the United States, will impose tariffs covering C$16.6 billion ($12.8 billion) on imports from the United States, including whiskey, orange juice, steel, aluminum and other products, Foreign Minister Chrystia Freeland said.
"The American administration has made a decision today that we deplore, and obviously is going to lead to retaliatory measures, as it must," Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said.
Late on Thursday, Trump issued a statement about the NAFTA negotiations, saying the days of the United States being taken advantage of on trade were over.
"The United State will agree to a fair deal, or there will be no deal at all," Trump said.
Mexican Retaliation
Mexico announced what it described as "equivalent" measures on a wide range of US farm and industrial products.
The measures, which target pork legs, apples, grapes and cheese as well as steel and other products, will be in place until the US government eliminates its tariffs, Mexico's Economy Ministry said.
The S&P 500’s packaged foods and meats industry sub-index fell 2%, with shares of meat producer Tyson Foods Inc falling 3.9 percent, Campbell Soup Co 2.6% and spice maker McCormick & Co Inc 2.9%.
The Mexican peso dropped about 1%, hitting its weakest level against the dollar in nearly 15 months, and the Canadian dollar shed about 0.6%.
Bikes And Bourbon
The EU threatened tariffs on Harley Davidson motorcycles and bourbon, measures aimed at the political bases of US Republican legislators. Shares of Harley-Davidson Inc fell 2.2% and Brown-Forman Corp, maker of Early Times and other bourbon brands, lost 2.1%.
EU members have given broad support to a European Commission plan to set duties on €2.8 billion of US exports if Washington ends tariff exemptions. EU exports potentially subject to US duties are worth €6.4 billion.
"It's entirely up to US authorities whether they want to enter into a trade conflict with their biggest partner, Europe," France's Finance Minister, Bruno Le Maire, said after meeting with Ross on Thursday.
US Chamber of Commerce President Tom Donohue warned in a letter to the body's board, and seen by Reuters, that current trade policies could threaten “economic progress” and cause the loss of more than 2 million jobs, mostly in states that voted for Trump and Republican candidates.
The tariffs are part of Trump's effort to protect US industry and workers from what he described as unfair international competition, a key theme of his "America First" agenda.
Temporary exemptions were granted to a number of nations and permanent ones to several countries including Australia, Argentina and South Korea. US trading partners had demanded that the exemptions be extended or made permanent.
The tariffs are aimed at allowing the US steel and aluminum industries to increase their capacity utilization rates above 80% for the first time in years.
Shares of U.S. Steel Corp rose 1.7%, but AK Steel fell 1.3%and Steel Dynamics Inc shed 0.9%. Shares of Century Aluminum Co jumped 3.3% but Alcoa Corp shed 0.9%.
Eyes On China
The USadministration also launched a national security investigation last week into car and truck imports, using the same 1962 law it has applied to curb incoming steel and aluminum.
"The Trump administration seems to regard overt threats, including tariffs and repudiation of previous agreements, as a key element for gaining leverage in trade negotiations," said Eswar Prasad, a former head of the International Monetary Fund's China division and now a professor at Cornell University.
Prasad warned that the United States was doing so at the cost of alienating key allies and undercutting broad international pressure on China to change its trade and economic practices.
Ross himself heads to Beijing on Friday where he will attempt to get firm deals to export more US goods in a bid to cut America's $375 billion trade deficit with China.
The Trump administration has demanded that Beijing make concessions and threatened to punish it for allegedly stealing US technology by imposing tariffs on $50 billion of imports from China.
While China is seen at more risk from a trade war because its exports are larger than its imports from the United States, operations of American companies in China make substantial sales there, which could be hit by any turn in sentiment.
News by Reuters, edited by ESM. Click subscribe to sign up to ESM: European Supermarket Magazine.
